All of them are considered to be forms of ionizing radiation, that is, when they strike atoms or molecules in their paths they cause electrons. Although matter is commonly considered to exist in three forms, solid, liquid, and gas. Dual nature of radiation and matter class 12 notes class 12 physics chapter 11 dual nature of radiation and matter notes pdf download the phenomenon of emission of photo electron from the surface of metal, when a light beam of suitable frequency is incident on it, is called photoelectric effect. Only ionizing radiation is discussed in this course. Interaction of radiation with matter bose institute. Both alpha and beta particles have an electric charge and mass, and thus are quite likely to interact with other atoms in their. Radiation is energy in the form of waves of particles. When a beam of radiation of any kind penetrates matter some of the radiation may be absorbed completely, some may be scattered and some may pass straight through without any interaction at all. Neet physics dual nature of radiation and matter questions solved. Compton scattering by free electrons compton scattering, like thomson scattering, is the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and a free electron, but in this case there is an energy transfer to the electron both the photon and the electron must be considered as particles. Radiation may be electromagnetic radiation particle radiation when radiation passes through matter it may interact with the material, transferring some or all of its energy to the atoms of that material. Ionizing radiation is made up of energetic subatomic particles, ions or atoms moving at high speeds usually greater than 1% of the speed of light, and electromagnetic waves on the highenergy.
Chapter 2 in radiation detection and measurements, third edition, g. Dual nature of radiation and matter hand notes for class 12 board duration. Ionization of the atoms of the traversed material 2. Dual nature of matter and radiation class 12 notes pdf download the elementary particle in an atom having negative charge of magnitude 1. Spontaneous emission in all three categories may also take. Dual nature of radiation and matter class 12 notes physics. Interaction of radiation with matter nuclear power.
Radiation either ionizes or excites atoms or molecules in living cells, leading to the dissociation of molecules within an organism. Radiation can be either ionizing or nonionizing, depending on its energy and ability to penetrate matter. To register online physics tuitions on to clear your doubts from our expert teachers and solve the problems easily to score more marks in your cbse board exams. Radiation is often categorized as either ionizing or nonionizing depending on the energy of the radiated particles. The effects of radiation on matter chemistry libretexts. The highenergy charged particles constituting galactic cosmic. Dual nature of radiation and matter class 12 notes vidyakul. All matter is constantly bombarded with radiation of both types from cosmic and terrestrial sources. Clearly progressing from an elementary level to the state of the art, the text explores the classical physics of track descriptio.
Clearly progressing from an elementary level to the state of the art, the text explores the classical physics of track description as well as modern aspects based on condensed matter physi. Radiation radiation the structure and properties of matter. Interaction between penetrating radiation and matter when xrays or gamma rays are directed into an object, some of the photons interact with the particles of the matter and their energy can be absorbed or scattered. Mar 05, 2019 cbse class 12 physics chapter 11 dual nature of radiation and matter notes in pdf are available for free download in mycbseguide mobile app. The mechanisms of interaction for ionizing radiation in the form of xrays and gammarays include the photoelectric effect, compton scattering and at high enough energies, electron positron pair production although the precise ionization energy differs with the atom or molecule involved, a general statement is any radiation with quantum energy above a few electron volts. The initial interaction of the photon ionizes one atom. Rather than read this booklet from beginning to end, look at only those sections you need. Pdf radiation is detected by its interaction in matter. These notes are combined with chapter12 atoms and chapter nuclei. We want to describe the interaction of radiation with matter as a scattering process. Pdf on jan 1, 2016, ali a ridha and others published chapter four interaction of radiation with matter find, read and cite all the research.
Interaction of charged particles three type of electromagnetic interactions. People who are close to you may also find this booklet helpful. When a beam of radiation of any kind penetrates matter some of the radiation may be absorbed completely, some may be scattered and some may pass straight through without any. Monochromatic radiation emitted when an electron in a hydrogen atom jumps from the first excited state to the ground state irradiates a photosensitive material. To familiarize students with the physics of events that occur when photons and electrons interact with matter. Interactions of ionizing radiation with matter npre 435, radiological imaging, fall 2016 radiation interactions reading material. Here it is assumed that any dose, no matter how small, involves some degree of response. Xray interactions are important in diagnostic examinations.
Dual nature of matter and radiation class 12 notes pdf download. Other photons travel completely through the object without interacting. Matter in bulk comprises particles that, compared to radiation, may be said to be at rest, but the motion of the molecules that compose matter, which is attributable to its temperature, is equivalent to travel at the rate of hundreds of metres per second. Primarily interact with matter through coulomb forces with the orbital electrons within the absorber atoms. Interaction between penetrating radiation and matter. In low levels, these effects are either very, very small compared to natural incidences or nonexistent depending on the biological model used for estimating the potential.
This is due to radiation s ionizing ability, which can damage the internal functioning of cells. Consider a 50kev xray photon undergoing a photoelectric interaction. Pdf on jan 1, 2016, ali a ridha and others published chapter four interaction of radiation with matter find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. When xrays or gamma rays are directed into an object, some of the photons interact with the particles of the matter and their energy can be absorbed or scattered. Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter involving either absorption, emission, or scattering of radiation by the system. It has participated in most of the major international experiments involving antimatter, particularly through its membership of cern. Free pdf download of physics class 12 chapter 11 dual nature of radiation and matter formulas prepared by expert teachers at. Ionizing radiation ionising radiation is radiation that carries sufficient energy to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them.
Interaction of radiation with matter linkedin slideshare. Pdf chapter four interaction of radiation with matter. Ionizing radiation in very high levels is known to increase the incidence of cancer, birth anomalies, erythema, and other problems. Nonionizing radiation, such as visible light, is not harmful. Ionizing radiation carries more than 10 ev, which is enough to ionize atoms and molecules and break chemical bonds. Interaction of radiation with matter crc press book. Modern physics is an experimental science and it is based on experiments, which provide key information for our understanding of nature. This article delineates the properties and behaviour of radiation and the matter with which it interacts and describes how energy is transferred from radiation to its surroundings. Important notes are also helpful for revision when you have less time and have to study.
The coulomb interaction is longranged so the slowing down of the charged particles is most effective and is a continuous process. Ionizing radiation is made up of energetic subatomic particles, ions or atoms moving at high speeds usually greater than 1% of the speed of light, and electromagnetic. Considerable attention is devoted to the consequences of such an. Apr 17, 2019 interactions of radiation with matter. Clearly progressing from an elementary level to the state of the art, the text explores the classical physics of track description as well as modern aspects based on condensed matter physics. Pdf the interaction of radiation with matter researchgate. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. We suggest that you ask the learners to write down the properties of electromagnetic radiation before watching the video. There is some evidence that the carcinogenic effects of radiation constitute a nonthreshold. Thedecrease in the numbersoffragmentions with increasingpressure in.
Physics mcqs for class 12 chapter wise with answers pdf download was prepared based on latest exam pattern. Prolonged exposure to radiation often has detrimental effects on living matter. The radioactive atom all matter is composed of atoms. Mar 24, 2019 this is a complete set of notes of dual nature of radiation and matter which is a part of physics syllabus for neet, jee. Physics mcqs for class 12 with answers chapter 11 dual. Entering the medium, the charged particle immediately. Radiation the structure and properties of matter britannica. Basic principles of radiation the atom is a unit of matter.
Interactions of radiation with matter three a discussion of the. Radiation, flow of atomic and subatomic particles and of waves, such as those that characterize heat rays, light rays, and x rays. Dual nature of matter and radiation class 12 notes pdf. The three basic particles of the atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Free pdf download of cbse physics multiple choice questions for class 12 with answers chapter 11 dual nature of radiation and matter. Cbse class 12 physics dual nature of radiation and matter formula. Cbse class 12 physics dual nature of radiation and matter.
The uk has invested in technologies for future collider designs. Thus, while radiation should by no means be the sole or even the most important consideration in cardiac imaging, certainly radiation does matter. The threshold for ionization occurs somewhere in the ultraviolet range, with the specific threshold depending upon the type of atom or molecule. Chapter eleven dual nature of matternot to be republished. The highenergy charged particles constituting galactic cosmic rays are nuclei of all the elements, accelerated to high energies, probably in supernova explosions within our galaxy. Passageofparticlesthroughmatter 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 0. This article delineates the properties and behaviour of radiation and the matter with which it interacts and describes how energy is transferred from. As an xray beam or gamma radiation passes through an object, three possible fates await each photon, as shown in the figure below. Area exposed the portion of the body irradiated is an important exposure parameter because the. Because they are electrically neutral, they do not steadily lose energy via. In this model the electromagnetic radiation is treated classically, while the energy levels are obtainedbysolvingthetimedependentschrodingerequation. The best app for cbse students now provides dual nature of radiation and matter class 12 notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of cbse board exams and schoolbased annual examinations. There are four types of electron emission, namely, thermionic emission, photoelectric emission, field emission and secondary emission.
A combined analysis gives dark matter density ch2 0. Students can solve ncert class 12 physics dual nature of radiation and matter mcqs pdf with answers to. Pdf this document is part of part 1 principles and methods of subvolume b detectors for particles and radiation of volume 21 elementary. Radiation the term radiation applies to the emission and propagation of energy through space or a material medium. While nuclei of elements are also ejected by solar disturbances, the. Gamma radiation emission is a nuclear process that occurs to rid an unstable nucleus of excess energy after most nuclear reactions. Click download or read online button to get interaction of radiation with matter book now. Knowledge of interactions of radiation with matter constitute key knowledge of modern physics. Important notes of physics for neet, jee for dual nature of radiation and matter are useful for all aspirants preparing for entrance exams including jee, neet. Cbse class 12 physics revision notes for chapter 11 dual. Radiation therapy and you national cancer institute. There are two forms of radiation nonionizing and ionizing which will be discussed in sections 3. Although matter is commonly considered to exist in three forms, solid.
This absorption and scattering is called attenuation. The first was max plancks realisation that energy in the form of electromagnetic. Jul 02, 2012 radiation the term radiation applies to the emission and propagation of energy through space or a material medium. In the electromagnetic spectrum, radiation in the visible or longer wavelength range does not have sufficient quantum energy to ionize an atom, so we classify it as nonionizing radiation. Interaction of radiation with matter focuses on the physics of the interactions of ionizing radiation in living matter and the monte carlo simulation of radiation tracks. Interaction of radiation with matter hep group research pages. The quantitative study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter can be done using a simple semiclassical model. This is an important distinction due to the large difference in harmfulness to living organisms. They were found to travel with speeds ranging from about 0. Photons xray and gamma end their lives by transferring their energy to electrons contained in matter. This will add extra energy to the radiation at the expense of the excitation or kinetic energy of matter.
For example, in air, radiation must expend an average energy of 33. Further, the value of em was found to be independent of the nature of the materialmetal used as the cathode. This is due to radiations ionizing ability, which can damage the internal functioning of cells. Nonionizing radiation has less energy than ionizing radiation. Interaction types contents photon interactions contents recall that photons are individual units of energy.
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